Flood experience and access to insurance contribute to differences in homeowners’ post-disaster adaptation in a cross-border region of Western Europe

This study examines how homeowners in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands adapted after the devastating July 2021 floods in Western Europe. Using harmonized post-disaster survey data from 719 flooded homeowners, the research explores how flood experience and access to insurance influence post-disaster behavior. It specifically investigates the role of financial resources, institutional structures, and psychological responses in shaping adaptive actions and intentions, comparing patterns across countries with different flood management and insurance systems.

Findings suggest that households with insurance compensation are more likely to take adaptation measures after a flood, such as using water-resistant materials or elevating utilities. However, once damage exceeds 60% of a home’s reconstruction value, the perceived value of further adaptation drops, and homeowners are more inclined to consider relocation. Adaptation intentions also depend on the perceived risk of future floods and personal responsibility. Institutional and media narratives significantly shape behavior, with Belgian respondents less likely to act due to low perceived future risk. The findings highlight barriers to adaptation and suggest the need for clear policies that integrate financial support and risk communication.